Iimfuno zoyilo lwesityalo sokuvelisa i-alkyl glycoside esekelwe kwi-Fisher synthesis ixhomekeke kakhulu kuhlobo lwe-carbohydrate esetyenzisiweyo kunye nobude bekhonkco lotywala obusetyenzisiweyo. .I-Alkyl polyglycosides ethi, kwi-DP enikiweyo, inganyibiliki emanzini ngenxa yotywala obusetyenzisiweyo (inani le-atom ze-C kwi-alkyl chian≥16) zijongwana nazo ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngaphantsi kwemeko ye-alkyl polyglucoside synthesis catalyzed by acid, iimveliso zesibini ezifana ne-polyglucose ether kunye nokungcola okunemibala ziyenziwa.I-Polyglucose yinto e-amorphous eyenziwe yi-glycosyl polymerization ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa. , njengeqondo lokushisa, uxinzelelo, ixesha lokuphendula, i-catalyst, njl njl.Enye yeengxaki ezisonjululwe kuphuhliso lwemveliso ye-alkyl polyglycosides kwiminyaka yakutshanje kukunciphisa ukubunjwa kweemveliso zesibini ezinxulumene nokuhlanganiswa.
Ngokubanzi, i-short-chain-alcohol-based (C8 / 10-OH) kunye ne-DP ephantsi (i-alcohol overdose enkulu) i-alkyl glycosides ineengxaki ezincinci zokuvelisa.Kwinqanaba lokuphendula, ngokunyuka kotywala obuninzi, ukuveliswa kweemveliso zesibini kuncipha.Iyanciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kwaye isuse utywala obuninzi ngexesha lokubunjwa kweemveliso ze-pyrolysis.
I-Fisher glycosidation inokuchazwa njengenkqubo apho i-glucose isabela ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba lokuqala kunye ne-oligomer equilibrium iphunyeziwe.Eli nyathelo lilandelwa ukuthotywa okucothayo kwe-alkyl glycosides.Inkqubo yokuthotywa ibandakanya amanyathelo afana ne-dealkylation kunye ne-polymerization, leyo, ngexesha Uxinzelelo olwandisiweyo, ngokungenakuguquleka lwenza i-polyglucose ethermodynamically ezinzileyo.Umxube wokusabela odlula elona xesha lilungileyo lokuphendula ubizwa ngokuba yi-overreaction.Ukuba impendulo inqanyulwe kwangethuba, umxube wokusabela onesiphumo uqulethe izixa ezikhulu zeswekile eshiyekileyo.
Ukulahleka kwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-alkyl glucoside kumxube wokuphendula kunobudlelwane obuhle kunye nokubunjwa kwe-polyglucose.Kwimeko yokusabela okugqithisileyo, umxube wokuphendula ngokuthe ngcembe uba yi-polyphase kwakhona ngemvula ye-polyglucose.Ngoko ke, umgangatho wemveliso kunye nemveliso yemveliso ichaphazeleka kakhulu ngexesha lokupheliswa kokuphendula.Ukuqala nge-glucose eqinileyo, i-alkyl glycosides kwiimveliso zesibini. ephantsi kumxholo, ukuvumela ezinye iinqununu ze-polar (i-polyglucose) kunye ne-carbohydrates eseleyo ukuba ihlulwe ngaphandle komxube osebenzayo ongazange uphendule ngokupheleleyo.
Kwinkqubo ephuculweyo, imveliso ye-etherification yoxinaniso iphantsi kakhulu (kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lokushisa lokuphendula, ixesha, uhlobo lwe-catalyst kunye nokugxila, njl.).
Umzobo we-4 ubonisa ikhosi eqhelekileyo yokuphendula ngokuthe ngqo kwe-dextrose kunye ne-fatty alcohol (C12 / 14-OH).

Ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lweeparamitha zokusabela zihambelana ngokusondeleyo kwi-fischer glycation reaction.Ukuze uvelise i-alkyl polyglycosides kunye neemveliso eziphantsi zesibini, uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu kufuneka bulungelelaniswe omnye nomnye kwaye ilawulwe ngokungqongqo.
I-Alkyl polyglycosides ephantsi kwiimveliso zesibini ezibangelwa ubushushu obuphantsi bokusabela (＜100℃) kwi-acetalization.Nangona kunjalo, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi akhokelela kumaxesha okusabela amade ngokwentelekiso (kuxhomekeke kubude betsheyini lotywala) kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi okukodwa kwereactor.Ubushushu bokusabela okuphezulu (＞100℃, ngokuqhelekileyo 110-120℃) bunokukhokelela kutshintsho kumbala weecarbohydrates.Ngokususa iimveliso ezisezantsi zokubilisa (amanzi kwi-direct synthesis, i-alcohol-short-chain alcohols kwinkqubo ye-transacetalization) ukusuka kumxube wokusabela, ukulingana kwe-acetalization kutshintshelwa kwicala lemveliso.Ukuba isixa esikhulu samanzi siveliswa ngeyunithi yexesha ngalinye, umzekelo ngamaqondo obushushu asabelayo aphezulu, ilungiselelo kufuneka lenziwe lokususwa okusebenzayo kwala manzi kumxube wokusabela.Oku kunciphisa ukuphendula okwesibini (ingakumbi ukubunjwa kwe-polydextrose) eyenzeka phambi kwamanzi.Ukusebenza komphunga wenqanaba lokusabela akuxhomekanga kuphela kuxinzelelo, kodwa nakwindawo yokumka komphunga, njl.Uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokusabela kwi-transacetalization kunye ne-direct synthesis variants ziphakathi kwe-20 kunye ne-100mbar.
Enye into ebalulekileyo yokuphucula ukuphuhliswa kwee-catalysts ezikhethiweyo kwinkqubo ye-glycosidation, ngaloo ndlela inqanda, umzekelo, ukubunjwa kwe-polyglucose kunye ne-etherification.Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, i-acetal okanye i-acetal reverse kwi-Fischer synthesis i-catalyzed by acids.Ngokomgaqo, nayiphi na i-asidi yamandla aneleyo. ilungele le njongo, njenge-asidi ye-sulfuric, i-p-toluene kunye ne-alkyl benzenesulfonic acid kunye ne-sulfonic succinic acid.Izinga lokuphendula lixhomekeke kwi-acidity kunye nokuxinwa kwe-asidi kwi-alcohol.Impendulo zesibini ezinokuthi zenziwe nge-acids umz., ukubunjwa kwepolyglucose) kwenzeka ikakhulu kwisigaba sepolar (trace water) somxube wokusabela, kunye namatyathanga ealkyl anokwehliswa ngokusetyenziswa kwe-hydrophobic acids (umz., i-alkyl benzenesulfonic acid) anyibilike ikakhulu kwisigaba esincinci se-polar umxube impendulo.
Emva kokusabela, i-acid catalyst ingathathi hlangothi ngesiseko esifanelekileyo, njenge-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-magnesium oxide.Utywala obunamafutha aphezulu ngenxa yomlinganiselo we-molar we-carbohydrates kutywala obunamafutha.Lo mlinganiselo ulungelelaniswa ukufumana i-DP ethile kwi-industrial alkyl polyglycosides, kwaye idla ngokuba phakathi kwe-1: 2 kunye ne-1: 6.
I-alcohol enamafutha amaninzi isuswa nge-vacuum distillation.Iimeko zemida ezibalulekileyo ziquka:
– Utywala obunamafutha obushiyekileyo kwimveliso kufuneka bube<1% ngenxa yokuba ezinye
Ukunyibilika kobulumko kunye nevumba kuchaphazeleka kakubi.
- Ukunciphisa ukwakheka kweemveliso zepyrolysis ezingafunekiyo okanye amacandelo e-discoloring, uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye nexesha lokuhlala kwimveliso ekujoliswe kuyo kufuneka igcinwe iphantsi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngokuxhomekeka kubude bekhonkco lotywala.
- Akukho monoglycoside kufuneka ingene kwi-distillate kuba i-distillate iphinda isetyenziswe kwi-reaction njenge-alcohol ecocekileyo enamafutha.
Kwimeko ye-dodecanol/tetradecanol, ezi mfuno zisetyenziselwa ukususwa kwee-alcohols ezinamafutha amaninzi, aneliseke kakhulu nge-multistage ditillation.Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba njengoko umxholo wee-alcohols ezinamafutha uyancipha, i-viscosity iyanda kakhulu.Oku ngokucacileyo kuphazamisa ubushushu kunye nokugqithiswa kobuninzi kwinqanaba lokugqibela le-distillation.
Ke ngoko, ii-evaporators ezincinci okanye ezimfutshane ziyakhethwa.Kwezi zikhupha umphunga, ifilimu eshukumayo ngoomatshini ibonelela ngaphezulu kokusebenza komphunga kunye nexesha elifutshane lokuhlala kwemveliso, kunye ne-vacuum elungileyo.Imveliso yokugqibela emva kwedistillation yialkyl polyglycoside ephantse icwenge, ethi iqokelele njengento eqinileyo enendawo yokunyibilika eyi 70℃ ukuya kwi 150℃.Amanyathelo enkqubo ephambili ye-alkyl synthesis ashwankathelwa njengoMzobo 5.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokuvelisa esetyenzisiweyo, umjikelezo omnye okanye ezimbini zotywala ziqokelela ekuveliseni i-alkyl polyglycoside;ii-alcohols ezinamafutha agqithisileyo, ngelixa ii-alcohol ezimfutshane ziphantse zifumaneke ngokupheleleyo.Obu tywala bunokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwiimpendulo ezilandelayo.Isidingo sokuhlanjululwa okanye ukuphindaphinda amanyathelo okucoca kufuneka aqhutywe kuxhomekeke kukungcola okuqokelelwe etywaleni.Oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumgangatho wamanyathelo enkqubo yangaphambili (umzekelo ukusabela, ukususwa kotywala).
Emva kokususwa kotywala obunamafutha, i-alkyl polyglycoside esebenzayo inyibilika ngokuthe ngqo emanzini ukuze i-viscous ephezulu ye-50 ukuya kwi-70% ye-alkyl polyglycoside paste yenziwe.Kumanyathelo okucoca alandelayo, le ntlama isetyenzwa ibe yimveliso yomgangatho owanelisayo ngokuhambelana neemfuno ezinxulumene nokusebenza.La manyathelo okucokisa anokuquka ukuxutywa kwe-bleaching yemveliso, ukulungiswa kweempawu zemveliso, ezifana nexabiso le-Ph kunye nomxholo we-substance esebenzayo, kunye nokuzinza kwe-microbial.Kuncwadi lwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, kukho imizekelo emininzi ye-reductive kunye ne-oxidative bleaching kunye neenkqubo ezimbini ze-oxidative bleaching kunye nokuzinza kokunciphisa.Umgudu kwaye ngoko ke iindleko ezibandakanyekayo kula manyathelo enkqubo ukufumana iimpawu ezithile zomgangatho, njengombala, zixhomekeke kwiimfuno zokusebenza, kwizinto zokuqala, i-DP efunekayo kunye nomgangatho wamanyathelo enkqubo.
Umzobo we-6 ubonisa inkqubo yokuvelisa i-industrial ye-alkyl polyglycosides ye-chain-chain (C12 / 14 APG) ngokudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo)