Amaqela asebenzayo anokuthi afakwe i-sulfonated okanye i-sulfated yi-SO3 ahlula kakhulu kwiindidi ezi-4;Iringi yebenzene, i-alcohol hydroxyl group, i-double bond, i-A-carbon yeqela le-Ester, imathiriyeli ekrwada ehambelanayo yi-alkylbenzene, utywala obunamafutha (ether), i-olefin, i-fatty acid methyl ester(FAME), iimveliso eziqhelekileyo ziyi-alkyl benzene sulfonate (emva koku. ebizwa ngokuba yi-LAS), i-AS, i-AES, i-AOS kunye ne-MES.Oku kulandelayo ukwazisa ubume bophuhliso ekhoyo sulfonic acid kunye sulfate surfactants ngokutsho ngokweendidi ngamaqela organic ezisebenzayo zinokuthi sulfonated yi SO3.

2.1 alkylaryl sulfonates
I-Alkyl aryl sulfonate ibhekisela kwiklasi ye-sulfonate surfactants elungiswe yi-sulfonation reaction kunye ne-sulfur trioxide kunye neringi elivumba njengeqela elisebenzayo le-organic.Iimveliso eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-LAS kunye ne-long-chain alkyl benzene sulfonate, i-alkylbenzene sulfonate enzima (HABS), i-petroleum sulfonate kunye ne-alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonate, njl.

2.1.1 I-alkyl benzene sulfonate yeshishini
I-LAS ifunyenwe nge-sulfonation, ukuguga, i-hydrolysis kunye ne-neutralization ye-alkylbenzene.I-LAS idla ngokugcinwa kwaye ithengiswe ngendlela ye-alkylbenzene sulfonic acid.Ekusetyenzisweni okwenyani, ingathathi hlangothi ngealkali.Zikwagcinwa kwaye zithengiswa ngendlela njengeetyuwa zesodium.I-LAS inokumanzisa okulungileyo, i-emulsifying, i-foam kunye ne-detergency, kwaye ihambelana kakuhle nezinye i-surfactants (i-AOS, i-AES, i-AEO), kwaye inoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwiindawo zokuhlambela zendlu ezifana nomgubo wokuhlamba, i-detergent kunye ne-washing liquid.Ukungalungi kwe-LAS kukunganyangeki kwayo kumanzi anzima.Ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukongeza i-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion chelating agents ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.Ukongeza, i-LAS iyancipha kakhulu kwaye inomsindo othile eluswini.
2.1.2 ikhonkco elide ialkyl benzene sulfonate
I-alkyl benzene sulfonate ye-long-chain idla ngokubhekisa kwiklasi yee-surfactants ezinobude be-carbon chain ngaphezulu kwe-13, esebenza kakuhle ekubuyiseni i-oyile yenqanaba eliphezulu, kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa ne-alkyl benzene sulfonate enzima.Inkqubo jikelele kukusebenzisa i-HF njenge-catalyst ukwenza isenzo se-alkylation ngolwelo olunzima lwe-wax dehydrogenation imveliso, efana ne-alkanes ende, umxube we-olelfin kunye ne-Benzene okanye i-Xylene ukulungisa ikhonkco elide le-alkyl benzene.Emva koko sebenzisa i-SO3 inwebu ye-sulfonation ukulungiselela i-alkylbenzene sulfonic acid ye-long-chain.
2.1.3 I-alkyl benzene sulfonate enzima
I-alkylbenzene sulfonate enzima yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswayo kwizandyondyo zeoyile.I-alkylbenzene enzima yezinto zayo eziluhlaza yimveliso yenkqubo yemveliso ye-dodecylbenzene, isivuno siphantsi (<10%), ngoko ke umthombo wayo ulinganiselwe.Amalungu e-alkylbenzene enzima antsokothile, ingakumbi i-alkylbenzene, i-dialkylbenzene,
diphenylene, alkylindane, tetralin njalo njalo.
2.1.4 I-petroleum sulfonate
I-Petroleum sulfonate luhlobo lwe-surfactant elungiselelwe yi-SO3 sulfonation ye-petroleum distillate oil.Ukulungiswa kwe-petroleum sulfonate ngokuqhelekileyo kusebenzisa i-oyile ye-petroleum distillate yendawo yeoli njengento ekrwada.Inkqubo ye-sulfonation ibandakanya: i-gas SO3 ifilimu ye-sulfonation, i-liquid SO3 kettle sulfation, kunye negesi ye-SO3 yokutshiza i-sulfonation.
2.1.5 I-Alkyl Diphenyl Ether Disulfonate(ADPEDS)
I-Alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonate yiklasi ye-surfactants esebenzayo kunye namaqela amabini e-sulfonic acid kwi-molecule.Inezicelo ezikhethekileyo kwi-emulsion polymerization, ukucocwa kwendlu kunye neshishini, ukuprintwa kwe-textile kunye nokudaya.Xa kuthelekiswa surfactants monosulfonate zemveli (ezifana LAS), amaqela disulfonate acid ayinike iimpawu ezizodwa emzimbeni kunye nemichiza, leyo kakhulu ukunyibilika kakuhle kunye nozinzo 20% acid eyomeleleyo, alkali eyomeleleyo, ityuwa inorganic kunye nezisombululo arhente bleaching.Iqukethe i-monoalkyl diphenyl ether bissulfonate (MADS), i-monoalkyl diphenyl ether monosulfonate (MAMS), kunye ne-dialkyl Diphenyl ether bissulfonate (DADS) kunye ne-bisalkyl diphenyl ether monosulfonate (DAMS) ziqulunqwe, icandelo eliphambili lingaphezulu kwe-MADS, kunye nomxholo wayo. 80%.Imveliso ye-sulfonated ye-alkyl diphenyl ether, i-alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonic acid, ine-viscosity ephezulu kakhulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-dichloroethane isetyenziswa njenge-solvent kwaye ilungiswe yinkqubo ye-kettle sulfation.